India Shutdowns Landscape

For four years running, India has held the notorious distinction of being the country with the greatest number of internet shutdowns, according to data from the Software Freedom Law Center’s Shutdown tracker and global data from Access Now . It also has some of the longest-lasting imposed shutdowns in the world. These shutdowns have been carried out in a variety of contexts and rationales — from protests to incidents of violence, and even for the prevention of cheating in competitive exams. The geographic distribution and frequency of internet shutdowns have increased over the years.


In India, a predominant number of internet shutdowns target mobile internet services, which is the most common way people access the internet. As a result, in almost all cases of internet shutdown, a suspension order impacts a significant number of people in the affected terrain, widening the scope of harms done. In addition to suspension orders, the government has also been known to order slowing of internet speeds in certain parts of the country (“throttling”), as well as whitelisting only a select number of websites that residents of an affected area can use (“filtering”). Research conducted or maintained by the Software Freedom Law Center , Access Now and Internews’ OPTIMA project considers such instances to count as internet shutdowns for advocacy purposes, because the events cut access to major internet services to segments of a population.

India has a vibrant civil society and tech sector that have huge potential to collaborate on advocacy to challenge and, ideally, prevent internet shutdowns. Resistance to shutdowns, both via public advocacy and litigation, is vital and can be effective: Over the past few years, persistent civil society advocacy, both at domestic and international levels, have led to some gains. Earlier in 2022, the Kolkata High Court intervened and successfully reversed an ongoing shutdown order. A constitutional challenge to the legal framework that permits internet shutdowns is currently pending in front of the Guwahati High Court in north-eastern India. Additionally, the Supreme Court of India has admitted a petition challenging four states – Arunachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and West Bengal — for ordering internet shutdowns to prevent cheating during state civil service exams. Such instances offer avenues for directed strategic advocacy efforts to demonstrate the impact of shutdowns on fundamental rights, the economy, and civic participation.


In addition to legal strategies, there is a need to work intensively in specific communities that are most affected by shutdowns to truly understand their digital needs and how they can participate actively in advocacy and internet-shutdown preparation and readiness.

Given the alarming number of internet shutdowns in India, Internews, in partnership with the Software Freedom Law Center (SFLC) and the Bachchao Project engaged in a collaborative and community-based needs assessment around civil society’s capacities and needs when it comes to confronting internet shutdowns. Drawing on a survey of civil society stakeholders as well as a series of four co-design workshops in Delhi, Guwahati, Hyderabad, and Jaipur, this report outlines how key communities views advocacy challenges related to internet shutdowns, perceptions on future internet shutdown risks, and the resources required to better prepare for and prevent shutdowns.
This in-depth needs assessment is part of a series of reports focusing on civil society needs in four distinct countries as it relates to preparing for and preventing internet shutdowns. These assessments sought to better understand the nuanced ways in which internet shutdowns occur in different countries, including:

  • Patterns and trends in technical mechanisms used in specific places to shut down the internet;
  • Political and social triggering events and government for shutting down the internet;
  • Perceptions of the wider impact of shutdowns on economies and societies;
  • Differential impacts that shutdowns have on specific vulnerable groups and marginalized populations;
  • Laws and regulations that contribute to an enabling environment for internet shutdowns and inhibit advocacy related to censorship and internet shutdowns;
  • Perceptions about future risk of internet shutdowns; and
  • Perceptions about civil society preparedness and advocacy capacity in areas such as awareness-raising and stakeholder engagement, documentation of impact and network measurement, circumvention strategies and protection of vulnerable communities, and legal capacity to engage in litigation.

This research found that internet shutdowns have a profound and diverse impact on different communities throughout the country, and that many groups do not feel they have the technical, legal, and communications expertise to effectively prepare for or combat internet shutdowns.

Read the Summary Report Here

Key Findings from the Assessment

Read the full reports linked above to view a more in-depth analysis of these key findings

Internet shutdowns are a common experience in India

Most respondents (76%) to the survey of digital rights advocates and others related to the field reported having experienced internet shutdowns.

Internet shutdowns target key states

Internet shutdowns are disproportionately experienced by those living in the state of Rajasthan and in Jammu and Kashmir, followed by Assam, Manipur, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, and Haryana.

low levels of technical and legal understanding

While many respondents had experienced shutdowns, 60% said they don’t understand how these incidents occur technically or how related laws apply. While 38% of respondents said they considered themselves experts on shutdowns a significant number lacked the expertise to fully assess and document their own experiences of such occurrences.

Internet shutdowns are likely to continue

Many respondents (49%) found it likely or very likely that authorities would shut down the internet in the year 2022-23, while 22% found it somewhat likely, and only a handful (8%) of respondents found such a possibility very unlikely.

Knowledge about circumvention tools and strategies is low

Many respondents reported that they do not use VPNs and circumvention tools, in part because of concerns about their legality due to persistent targeting of VPN users by police. 58% of the respondents who answered that they were worried about using VPNs identified as belonging to a minority linguistic, ethnic, caste, or religious group.

Engagement with ISPs and telcos is a challenge

Groups reported that they need support to more effectively engage on the issue of shutdowns with a variety of stakeholders, particularly with internet service providers (ISPs) and telecommunications companies (telcos).

The full report linked below provides a detailed legal analysis as well as an extensive review of the survey findings, and focus group discussions. The report ends with recommendations for civil society actors, policymakers, and international organizations to support Indian actors’ capabilities to build sustainable long-term advocacy to prevent shutdowns

Click here to read the full report in English